KARAVIRA
KARAVIRA
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CLASSICAL CATEGORIZATION
3. TYPES or VARIETIES
4. SYNONYMS
5. NIRUKTI
6. VERNACULAR NAMES
7. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
8. MACROSCOPICAL FACTORS
9. DISTRIBUTION
10. RASA PANCHAKAM
11. KARMA or ACTION
12. INDICATIONS
13. THERAPEUTIC USES
14. VISISHTA YOGA
15. PARTS USED
16. DOSAGE
17. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
18. TOXICITY
19. RESEARCH
20. BIBILOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
In SAMAVIDHANA BRAMHA KARAVIRA is delineated. It is used for brushing the teeth.
Karavira flowers are described in Mahabhasya.
Bruhat trayi have quoted karavira in their works. At three instances at least, we come across the reference about SVETA KARAVIRA[C.S.CI.7/104,105&A.TT.CI.19/62].This gives us a clue that there were two varieties, viz., rakta [red] and sveta [white]. The roots of a plant karavira are mentioned as poisonous.[C.S.CI.23/10].
SUSRUTA quoted ‘’KARAVIRA SOMA’’, [S.S.CI.29/5, 13, 20, 26] as one of the varieties of soma.
Caraka advocated Karavira for snana (bathing) and pana (internal administration). Susruta indicated Karavira ksara in Asmari treatment. But, Dhanvantri Nighantu specifically advised external application as is the case with Bhava prkasa nighantu.
Rasa vagbhata quoted it among the Upavisas.
- Dravya guna vignan.
BOTANICAL NAME:-
· Kaner(white and red)-Indian oleander{Nerium indicum Mill}
· Kaner peela-Yellow oleander{Thevitia nerifolia}
- Priya nighantu.
CLASSICAL CATEGORISATION
. Family: - Apocyanaceae
1. According to charaka:- Kusthaghna.
Tikta skandha.
Moola visha varga.
Tikta varga.
2. According to susruta:- Laksadi gana.
Siro virechana varga.
Moola visha varga.
Tikta varga
3. According to vagbhata:- Laksadi gana.
4. According to Bhavaprakasa Nighantu:-
Guduchyadi varga.
Vishopavisha varga.
5. According to Raja Nighantu:-
Karaviradivarga.
6. According to Shodala Nighantu:-
Karaviradi varga.
Paniya varga.
7. According to Saligrama Nighantu:-
Guduchyadi varga.
8. According to Madhanapala Nighantu:-
Haritakyadi varga.
9. According to dhanvantri Nighantu;-
Karavira dischaturda varga.
Upavishagana of Misrakadi sapthamovarga. .
10. According to Nighantu Adarsham:-
Kutajadi varga.
11. According to Kaiyadeva Nighantu:-
Avasishta amsha of Aoushadi varga.
.
TYPES OF KARAVIRA
According to Kaiyadeva Nighantu, karavira is of three types, as (a) sveta, (b) rakta, (c) peetha.
According to Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, karavira is of three varieties as sveta, rakta, peetha.
According to Raja Nighantu, karavira is of four types as sveta, rakta, peetha and Krishna.
According to Shodala Nighantu, karavira is of 2 varieties as sveta and rakta.
According to Saligrama Nighantu, karavira has 5 varieties as sveta, rakta, gulabi, peeli and kaali.
According to Madhanapaala Nighantu, Karavira has two varieties, as (a)sveta (b)Rakta.
According to “dhanvantri Nighantu” Karvira has two varieties, as (a)sveta (b)Rakta
According to the book:-Gavoum me aoushadaratna, Karavira is of six types, as:-
(a)Sveta (alba), (b)Rakta(Rubra), (c)Peeta(or) Sveta gulabi(cornea), (d)Dvigunapushpa Sveta[Floreplenalba], (e)Dvigunapushpa peeta or gulabi[Florepleno carneo] (f)Dvigunapushpa rakta[Floreplenorubra].
According to, modern there are only 3varities in karavira. They are:- (a)Sveta, (b)Rakta and (c)Peetha.
According to Nighantu Adarsam karavira has 4 types, as a)Sveta, (b)Rakta, (c)Peeta and (d)Krshna.
Samhitas and nighantus mainly described 2varieties, visually., white and red varieties whichnare identified as nerium indicum botanically.This species does possess 2 colours of flowers.
In Raja Nighantu total 4 kinds of karavira are described, viz., Sveta, rakta, pita[yellow] and krsna varieties. The yellow variety is Thevitia peruviana (or)Thevitia nerifolia botanically; while the black (krsna) variety is not known. It may be the purplish tinged flowers of Thevitia peruviana which occur in some places.
-From book Dravyaguna vignana.
-By JLN sastry.
Two varieties of karavira are described in bhavaprakasha namely white and red flower varieties. The properties of both are similar, their roots being regarded as poisonous when taken internally and useful in skin diseaseas and inflammatory infections. Nerium odorum has synonyms in Sanskrit signifying horse-killer (Asvamarakara).
-“From Book:-The Materia Medica of Hindus”.
-By Uday chand dutt.
SYNONYMS
Kaiyadeva Nighantu:- Prathihasa, Meenakakhya, (Sveta) Asvarohaka, Satakumbha, Svetapushpa, sataprasa, kanavira, abjabeejabrith, aswaha, aswaghna, hayamara, aswamaraka.
Chandata, laguda, gulmaka, (rakta) - pathya, patalika(peetha).
Bhavaprakasa Nighantu:-
-Sveta karavira- karavira, svetapushpa, satakumbha, asvamaraka.
-Rakta karavira- Raktapushpa, chandata, laguda.
Raja Nighantu:-
-sveta karavira- karavira, mahavira, hayamaraka, hayaghna, pratihasa, satakumbha, asvarodhaka, hayari, kurida, veeraka, sakunda, svetapushpa, asvantaka, asvagna, nakharahva, asvanasaka, sthaladikumbuda, divya pushpa, harapriya, gouripushpa, siddhipushpa(22).
-Rakta karavira- Rakta karavira, Rakta prasava, Guneshakusuma, chandikusuma, krura, bhutadravi, ravipriya (7).
-Peetha karavira- peeta karavira, peeta prasava, sugandhikusuma.
-Krshna karavira- krshnakusuma.
Shodala Nighantu:-
-Sveta karavira- karavira, asvaghna, pratihasa, asvarodhka gandarvasva, svetapushpa, suraksheta, meenakakhya.
-Rakta karavira- Raktapushpa, chanda, laguda, chandata, gulmakasva, prachanda, karaviraka.
Saligama Nighantu:-
-Sveta karavira- karavira, svetapushpa, satakumbha, asvamaraka, pratihasa, sataprasa, chandata, hayamaraka, asvaghna, hayari, seetakumbha, turangari, rangari, satakumba, prachanda, asvaha, veera, hayamara, satakunda, asvarodhaka, veeraka, kunda, sankundra, tungari, svetapushpa, asvantaka, nakharahva, asvanasaka, sthalakumuda, divyapushpa, haripriya, Gouripushpa, tidhapushpa.
-rakta karavira- Raktapushpa, chandata, laguda, krura, ganeshakusuma, chandikusuma, bhutadravi, ravipriya.
Madhanapala Nighantu:-
-Sveta karavira- karavira, asvaha, svetapushpa, satapushpa.
-Rakta karavira- Raktapushpa, chanda, laguda, karaviraka.
Dhanvantari Nighantu:-
-sveta karavira- karavira, asvaha, asvaghna, hayamara, asvamaraka, svetakunda, svetapushpa, pratihasa, asvamohaka.
-Rakta karavira- Rakta karavira- Raktapushpa, chandaka, laguda, chandataka, gulmaka, prachanda, karaviraka.
Nighantu Adarsam: - karavira, asvamaraka, hayamaraka.
NIRUKTTI
1. Hayamaraka or Asvamaraka:-
Due to poisonous nature it (karavira) kills the horses.
Karavira:-
Its stem and branches possess many leaves.
Pratihasa:-
It spread well in all directions (or) spreads very easily. It is famous for its property of killing horses.
Chandata:-
Due to poisonous nature it appears very danger.
Sataprasaha:-
This plant contains innumerable leaves which is simile to scalp possessing innumerable hair follicles.
Even it produces many flowers at a time.
-Nighantu Adarsa.
VERNACULAR NAMES
-Names of karavira in different languages accordingly,
Raja Nighantu:-
Sanskrit- karavira
Hindi - safed kaner, lal kaner.
Bengali – Sveta karavira, lal karavira.
Marathi – Karavir, Kalhher, Patari, Kanar- tamvadi.
Kannada- Vakana linge, Kangana linge.
Tamil - Kanel chettu.
Arabic - Sumula, Himara dakhali.
English - Oleander.
Latin - Nerium oleander.
Pharasi - Kharajahar.
-According to book:- “INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS” (Peetha karavira):-
Bombay:- Chinakarab, Kokilphul, Kolkaphul.
Deccan:- Pila kaner, Pilephul ka kaner.
Burma:- Hpayoungban, Molamiyaipan.
Gold coast:- Exile oil plant, Milk Bush.
Gujarati:-Pila kanir, Pilokanera.
Madras:- Manjalalari.
MaLAY:- Guinnyeh, Maloaie, Mallaye.
Malayalam:- Panchaarali, Arali.
Mundari:- Marangakanaili, Kaili.
Telugu:- Ganneru (Pachchaganneru).
West indies:- Jaca, Ahouai, Abia de matto.
-According to the Book, “MATERIA MEDICA OF INDIA AND THEIR THERAPEUTICS’:-
Arab:- Sumul-himar.
Bengal:- Karabi.
Kannda:- Kanagila.
China:- Kiah chuh-au.
Telugu:- Kasturi patte.
Latin:- Nerium odorum, Nerium oleander.
NIRUKTI:-
The meaning of Arabi Sammul-himar and Pharasi Kharajahar is Gardhabha visha.
The meaning of Arabi Sammulmar is Sarpavisha.
-Vanoushadi Nidarsika.
BOTANICAL DESRIPTION
Karavira has many varieties according to the colour of flowers as Red, Yellow, White, etc,. It’s leaves are long and thick. Fruits of Red and White variety are long, 4 to 6 inche in length and seeds are many. The fruit of Yellow variety is round and light red coloured (unripe) or grey (ripened fruit) and has 2 seeds of light yallow colour. It is poisonous.
-Bhavaprakasa.
It is a large evergreen, glabrous shrub with milky juice.
LEAVES:- They occur in 3 whorls, shortly stalked, coriacious, 6-20*1-3 cm, linear, lanceolate, acuminate, tapering into short petiole, dark green and shining above, midrib stout, nerves numerous spreading horizontally.
FLOWERS:- Red, rose coloured or White, fragrant, in terminal cymes.
CALYX:- Lobes lanceolate.
COROLLA:- 2.3 to 3cm in diameter, fragrant, lobes rounded.
FILAMENTS:- Hairy, appendages of anthers twice as long as the cells. Anthers joined together adnate to stigma. Cells long spurred at base.
FRUIT:- It is of follicles, cylindrical 15-17.8cm long, rigid, straight, apressed, longitudinally striate,(yellowish green to light brown in Nerium oleander).
SEEDS: - They are numerous, small, tipped with coma of light brown hairs. Cotyledons-flat.
-Hand Book of Medicinal Plants
And
The Wealth of India[raw materials].
Plant flowers in April to June, often throughout the year; and fruits appear in the cold season.
-The Wealth of India.
MACROSCOPICAL FACTORS
Root:- The root system is highly branched; roots are grayish in colour with long irregular streaks.
Stem:- Stem is branched, grayish or grayish green in colour with similar types of streaks on the bark surface.
Bark- Silvery grey white and soft.
Leaves:- The leaves are exstipulate, petiolate(petiole short), whorled and each whorl having normally 3 layers, linear, lanceolate, entire, acuminate, thick and coriaceous, venation is unicostate, reticulate with midrib being stout and being arising in very large number running almost running parallel to each other ,Leaves are darkgreen in red flowered variety and light green in white variety. They are of 17cm in length and 1-3cm in width.
DISTRIBUTION
Nerium Linn. –A small genus of shrubs distributed in the Mediterranean region and subtropical Asia. Three species are found in India of which one is introduced. Commonly known as oleanders, the plants are grown as ornamental shrubs for their showy flowers.
Nerium indicum, a large ever green shrub with milky juice found in the Himalayas from Nepal westwards to Kashmir up to 1,950m and in upper gangetic plain and Madya pradesh. It is frequently grown in gardens throughout India for it’s fragrant, showy flowers, it is also grown as screen or hedge.
Nerium oleander native of Mediterranean region and extending as far as Iran. It is often grown in Indian gardens for ornament and also as fence and wind-break.
-The wealth of India.
Thevitia nerifolia is native of SouthAmerica and West Indies, often planted in India.
-Indian Medicinal plants.
Karavira is found in Himalaya, Nepal to Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Baluchisthan, Dakshina Bharath, china and Japan.
-Gavoum me Aoushadaratna.
Karavira(Sveta and Rakta) found in almost in all places of South India and Uttar Pradesh. This is planted in gardens for flowers. Yellow variety is grown in almost all places, more in hot climate regions.
-Bhavaprakasa Nighantu.
RASA PANCHAKAM
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RASA
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GUNA
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VIRYA
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VIPAKA
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PRABHAVA
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Kaiyadeva Nighantu
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Katu,
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Lagu
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Tikka.
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Bhavaprakasa Nighantu
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Kasayu,
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Raja Nighantu
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Saligama Nighantu
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Kasayu.
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Madhanapala Nighantu
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Nighantu Adarsam
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KARMA
1. Kaphasamaka
2. Vatasamaka
3. Kushtaghna
4. Vranasodhana
5. Vranaropana
6. Chakshushya
7. Kandugna
8. Grahi
9. Mutrlam
10. Arshoharam
11. Pramehaghnam
12. Krimighnam
13. Jvaraghna
14. Deepana
15. Vidahi
16. Bhedana
17. Hridyam
18. Kotaharam
19. Sophaharam
20. Visphota haram
21. Kamodeepakam.
According to Dhanvatari Nighantu, karavira is chakshushya and useful in kandu, kushta, charmaroga.
According to Bhavaprakasa nighantu, karavira has Vranasodhana and Vranaropana activities. Acts against krimi and kushta. If ingested is poisonous.
According to Saligama nighantu, karavira is grahi, vatahara & kaphahara. Prameha, kandu, kushta, krimighna.
According to Kaiyadevi nighantu, vishahara, kruri, kandughna.
According to Vastuguna deepika, karavira is a drastic purgative.
According to Priyavrath sharma, karavira exhibits the following properties:- deepana, vidali, bhedana, hrdya, mutrlam, jvaragnam.
According to Raja nighantu, Red variety of karavira exhibits Vishodaka property.
According to Nighantu adarsham, karavira is chaxushya, kushta, kandughna, pralepa, jvarahara and is poisonous.
According to Unani system, karavira(stem-moolam) exhibits kamodeepaka property.
ACTION
The fixed oil of Thevitia nerifolia when pure is quite inert. Bark is bitter and powerfully cathartic, antiperiodic in small doses, 2gr of powdered bark is being equal to an ordinary dose of Cinchona, but it’s use is attended with considerable danger. In longer doses (in 30-60min of the tincture) it is emetic and in still longer doses it is an acrid poison. A watery solution of drug is readily absorbed from the tissues and does not setup any marked local irritation.
-Nadkarni’s Materia Medica.
All p[arts of plant Nerium odorum are poisonous. Root and the root bark are powerful diuretic and cardiotonic like Strophanthus and Digitalin. An infusion is given in cardiac systole as well as in dropsy.
Oleandrin, if hypodermically injected, causes the heart’s beat to fall from 75 or 80 to 10 or 12, if continued for sometime the heart ceases to beat and with it the respiration.
-Materia Medica of India and their therapeutics.
Milky juice of Thevitia nerifolia is highly poisonous and kernel is a powerful acro-narcotic poison. Oil from seeds is emetic and purgative. In Gold coast, seeds are chewed as a purgative. In Guianna, the seed is used as a purgative in Rheumatism and dopsy. It is also considered a good alexiteric and is prescribed with run.
-Indian medicinal plants.
It is Anthelminthic, antipyretic and at antiseptic pharmacological study has corroborated it’s cardiotonic properties.
-Hand book of Medicinal plants.
INDICATIONS
[Dravya prayogarha vyadulu]
1. Kushta 2. Kandu 3. Kota 4. Visphodtas
5. Palma 6 Visarpa 7. Krmi 8. Arshas
9. Paalithya 10. Netrakopa 11. Indralupta 12. Dushtavrana
13. Prameha 14. Jvara 15. Sirasula 16. Bhagandara
17. Sosha 18. Asmari 19. Gandamala 20. Upadamsa
According to Dhanvantari Nighantu, Karavira cures Kandu, Kushta, Charmaroga and netraroga.
Adccording to Bhaavaprakasa Nighantu, Karavira is useful in Kaushta, Vrana, Netra kopam.
According to Saligama Nighantu, Swetha karaveera is useful in Prameha, Kandu, Kota, Krmi, Visphota, Jvara and Netraroga.
According to Nighantu Adarsha, Karaveera is used in treating Kushta, Jwara and is poisonous.
Caraka has mentioned Karaveera under Kustaghnada- saimani.
Both Caraka and Susrutha have mentioned -Karaveera’s usage in Vrana and Kusta.
Both the white and red varieties of Nerium indicum as said to be of use as on external application to swellings, Leprosy and various skin diseases. They are beneficial in fever, eye troubles and ulcers. The pink variety as regarded in “Nighantu Ratnakara”, removes headache and overcomes ill effects of Vata and Kapha. Whereas yellow and black varieties are alike to white variety in all medicinal values (Madhanapala).
Charaka used the drug even in tooth cleaning and as a collyrium in combination with different drugs and includes this drug among those that cause impairement of biological system. The preparation of this drug helps in eradication of skin diseases, pruritis, dermatitis, etc., Charaka employed it’s decoction as a good healer and a medicated oil including juice of it’s leaves in troubles during pregnancy of a six months.
Susruta prescribes it for removal of stone, gulm and gravel and classified the root as poison and sirovirechaka.
Root beaten in a paste with water is recommended to be applied to cancers and ulcers on the penis (sarangadhara).
In Unani system of medicine, the root the bitter, aphrodisiac tonic, good for chronic pains in the joints, very poisonous but an antidote to snake venom. The flower has a bitter sharp taste, good for inflammation, chronic pains in the muscles and the joints, in headache, scabies, ringworm and other skin complaints.
Alcoholic extracts of the root, stalk, leaf and flower show anti-bacterial activity against Micrococcus pyogenes var aureus and Escherichia coli (root extracts are toxic to black carpet beetle larvae)-Nerium indicum.
-The Wealth of India.
Karaveera is safe and promising drug i.e.., effective against cardiac disturbances, particularly in improving the functions of heart muscles.-Nerium oleander.
-The Wealth of India.
THERAPEUTIC USES
CHARAKA SAMHITHA:-
· Pine-resin, deodar, catechu, neem, Indian oleander bark along with the other five groups of drugs, when soaked in ox-bile and pounded again, have proved very efficacious when used as external application in skin diseases, recent leprous lesions, alopecia, keloids, ring-worm, Fistula –in-ano, piles, scrofula and papules.
[Cha.Su.3.3-7]
· Costus, blue vitriol, Indian berberry, Kamala, Oleander bark, red and yellow arsenics, etc. should be pulverized and used as dusting powders over the parts previously ointed with oil. It relieves ring-worm, pruritis, keloids, papules and bulbous eruptions.
[Cha. Su.3.10-11]
· Indian oleander root, red arsenic, green vitriol, etc. are taken in equal quantities and are boiled in 256 tolas of exudation juice of palas root to a semisolid consistency. This ointment is said to be most beneficial in eradicating skin diseases.
[Cha.Su.3.14-16]
· After anointing the part with oil it should be pasted and rubbed with leaves of Karaveera(oleander)
[Cha. Su.3.17]
· Catechu, Chebulic myrobalan, Indian oleander, embelia sprouts of Spanish jasmine, turmeric, embolic myrobalan, marking nut, dita bark, and purging cassia-The kashaya of 10 drugs is known as kushtagna daseko maha kashaya and is curative of dermatosis.
[Cha. Su.4.13]
· If skin lesions are rigid and insensible, devoid of sweat and itching, they should be rubbed with brush made of red physic nut, turpeth, oleander, Indian beech.
[Cha. Chi.7.56, 57]
· The application prepared with roots of white oleander fruits of kurchi, Indian beech, bark of Indian berberry and sprouts of Spanish jasmine; is a certain cure of dermatosis.
[Cha Chi 7.93, 94]
· Svetha karaveradya taila is a remedy for dermatosis.
[Cha. Chi 7.104]
· Svetha karaverapallavadya taila also cures dermatosis.
[Cha Chi 7.105]
· Medicated oil prepared with yellow milk plant, etc., in taila oil with four times the quantity of decoction of roots and sprouts of Karaveera and four times of cow’s urine. This oil prepared is kept in a hallow shell of bitter bottle gourd. The physician should make madala or dermatosis to burst open and remove parasitic infection and pruritis by mere inunctions with this oil.
[Cha.Chi7.111-114]
· Dita bark and Indian oleander, etc., are recommended for using bath.
[Cha. Chi 7.129]
· In disorders associated with predominant Kapha on application may be made from Karaveera, Himalayan cherry, cuscus grass, etc.
[Cha Chi 21.87]
· In impalement of vision collyrium made of paste of oleander, turmeric, deader, neem, Indian beech, etc. with goat’s urine should be used.
[Cha. Chi.23.69]
· Decoction of banyan, cadamba, oleander, Kurchi, etc., are healing agents.
[Cha.Chi25.87]
· Apply dugdhika or Karaveera founded together with milk, over the scalp after pulling out the grey hair. Both these drugs of curative of grey hair.
[Cha.Chi26.266]
SUSRUTA SAMHITHA:-
· Extracts prepared of Sankhini, Ankotha, Jati, Karaveera and Suvarchala act as cleansing agents.
[Su. Su.37.12]
· Laksadi varga (karaveera) is astringent, bitter and sweet; removes disorders of Kapha and Pitta, alleviates Kusta and worms and cleanses septic wounds.
[Su. Su.38.64, 65]
· Root of Karaveera-sirovirechanani-head evacuative which expel Kapha situated
In head by use of snuffs.
[Su.Su.39.6]
· The paste of laksa, karaveera, rasanjana, cakramarda, etc.(roots) founded with urine of cow, when applied externally alleviates, Kusta.
[Su. Chi.9.10]
· Vitiligo:- (i) tuttha, katuka, simha, arka, karaveera, kustha, snuhi, sarsapa, etc.
(ii) Leaves of tilvaka, arista, peelu, araguadha, seeds of vidanga, karavera, etc.
By application of these two formulations as paste vitiligo is removed completely.
[Su.Chi.9.27, 28]
· If parts are eaten away by organisms, the roots of karaveera mixed with vidanga is pounded with cow’s urine and applied as paste.
[Su.Chi./9.52]
· Citraka, Arka, trivrt, patha, Karaveera, Snuhi, Vaca, etc. with these oils should be cooked. This eliminates impurities and is useful in fistula-in-ano as cleaning, healing and colouring agent.
[Su. Chi. 8.50, 51]
· Alcoholism: Paste of pounded flowers of karaveera and lotus mixed with hribera, padmaka, kaibartamusta should be applied and also of saribadi drugs mixed with padmaka followed by bath with pure cold water .useful in alcoholism.
[S.S.U.47.31]
ASHTANGA HRDAYAM:
1. In case of ekanga sopha, it is beneficial to apply the paste of varsabhu, karaveeraka and kimsuka-prepared with water and applied warm.
[A.H.Ci.17.25]
2. Paste of thriphala, Padmaka, Usira, Karaveeraka, Ananta, cures visarpa arising from slesma (Kapha).
[A.H.Ci 18.14]
3. Roots of karaveera, nimba, kutaja, citraka, syonaka boiled in cow’s urine to the consistency of adhering to the ladle. This thick decoction applied on the skin cures leprosy.
[A.H.Ci.19.61]
4. In Indralupta, the vein nearest to the site should be cut. The patch should be scratched well and then covered with the paste of kasisa, manohva, etc. or juice of Karaveera added with honey.
[A.H.U.24.29]
5. Nice paste of dugdhika or karaveeraka made with milk, applied to scalp after plucking the gray hair cures palita.
[A.H.U.24.38]
6. Flowers and roots of Karaveera, arka, langali and kakanika along with patha and marica are made into a paste with fermented rice wash and consumed. This sarvakarmika agada is best of bites of vyantara (cross breed) snakes.
[A.H.U.36.70]
BHAVAPRAKASA:-
The root of karaveera founded with water and applied as paste alleviates veneral diseases (Upadamsa).
[B.P.Ci.51.35]
CHAKRADATTA:-
1. Vrana- roots are Karaveera and chitraka are made into paste and used for lepa, by which vrana is alleviated.
2. Taila prepared with Karaveera svarasa is used in palma.
3. Netrakopam: A watery extract that comes when tender karaveera leaves are cut, is applied as anjana in Netrakopa.
VISISTHA YOGA
1. Karaveeradya taila : Bhaishajya ratnavali
2. Karaveeradi tailam : Vydya chintamani
3. Karaveeradya tailam : Vydya chintamani
4. Vajratailam : Vydya chintamani
5. Karaveeradilepam : Astanga hrdayam
6. Sveta karaveeradi lepam : Astanga hrdayam
7. Yekanga sophahara lepam : Astanga hrdayam(ci.17/25)
8. Palita rogahara lepam : Astanga hrdayam(U.24/35)
9. Garidamalaku chendanadi tailam : Astanga hrdayam
10. Jyotishmatyadi tailam : Astanga hrdayam(U.28/34)
11. Mustadi churnam : Astanga hrdayam (Ci.19/67)
12. Sleshmavisarpahara lepam : Charaka samhita (Ci.21/87)
13. Vishaharnjana : Charaka samhita)Ci.23/69)
14. Vishatailam : Vydya chintamani
15. Pallavadya tailam : Materia Medica by Nadkarni
16. Sveta karaveeradya tailam : By Charaka as quoted in . chakra datta
17. Karaveeramula lepa : Saramgadhara samhita(U.11/.105)
18. Chermaroganasaka tailam : Vanoushadi chandrodaya
19. Vaatanasaka tailam : Vanoushadi chandrodaya
20. Kasisadi tailam : Pharmacopoeia in Ayurveda
PARTS USED
(Prayojyangam)
1. Charaka samhitha -Moolam, Moolatvak.
2. Susrutha samhitha -Moolam, Moolatvak.
3. Nighantu Aadarsam -Moolatvak, Patram, Pushpam.
4. Raja Nighantu -Moolatvak, Patram.
5. Pharmacopoeia in Ayurveda -Root, Bark, Milky juice, leaves.
Though Charaka and sushruta have mentioned Moola and Moolatvak as useful parts of Karavira, in treatment of Kushta “Karavira panchanga kvatha”, is beneficial.
Sushruta has mentioned Karavira leaves in Ashmari and Upadamsha.
DOSAGE:-
Churna - 30-125mg
Tincture - 10-14drops
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Nerium indicum
-Karabin, Neriodorein, neriodin, Beta-Cetosterol, Nerium D, Nerium E(anhydro-oleandrin), Beta-D digitaloside, Nerioside, Obandrin, Digitoxigenin, Oleandroside, Rutin, Plumeriein, etc,.
Thevitia peruviana
-Epiperuviol acetate, Cerberoside (Thevatin-B), Thevatin A, Thevefolin, Nerrifolin, Cerberin, Peruposide, Peruvosidic acid, Ruvocide~Theveneriin, Theveside, Theviridoside, Thevetin, Uridoside, etc,.
-Dravya Guna Vignan
The tuber contains 2 bitter non-crystallisable principles-Neriodrin and Neriodorein (both are powerful heart poisons); a glucoside-Rosaginine; an essential oil and a crystalline body Neriene identical with Digitaleine; tannic acid-wax. The leaves contain an alkaloid Oleandrin; a glucoside-pseudocurarin; also Neriene and Neriantine.
-Materia Medica of India and their therapeutics.
TOXICOLOGY
[VISHAKTATA]
Karavira is one of the 8 moola visha’s mentioned in susruta kalpa sthana [S.k.2/4]. In Bhavaprakasa, Karavira is placed under Upavisha varga.
Fatal Dose : 8-10 seeds.
Fatal Period : 24 hours.
Signs and Symptoms : [ref :-Anupana manjali]
1. Burning sensation in koshta (GIT).
2. Painful vamana and virechana.
3. Akshepaka vata.
Management :
1. The above complications can be managed by the internal administration of curd mixed with sugar repeatedly. [Anupana manjali].
(Or)
The above drugs are to be given with arka moola tvak churna.
2. Internal administration of Haritaki kashaya.
SODHANA:-
Karavira bija are purified, if they are steamed with cow’s milk for 3 hours by means of Dolayantra.
-Yogaratnakara.
TOXICITY OF NERIUM ODORUM:-
Active principles: Neriodorin, Neriodorein, Karadin.
Fatal period : 24 hours.
Fatal dose : ½ ounce of plant root.
Neriodorein has a picrotoxic like effect of muscular twitching and titanic spasms more powerful than those of strychnine. Karadin acts on heart like digitalis and on the spinal cord like strychnine.
Signs and Symptoms:-
Vomiting, pain in abdomen and frothy salivation, usually occur followed by restlessness. The pulse is weak and slow, and respiration hampered. There is difficulty in swallowing and often lock jaw. Muscular twitching of the extremities deeper into Tetanic spasms frequently effecting one side more than the other. This is followed by exhaustion, drowsiness, coma and death from heart failure.
Treatment:-
1. Washing out the stomach.
2. Symptomatic treatment.
3. Administration of an anesthetic is usually necessary.
4. Morphine injection is beneficial.
Post mortem appearances:-
These are not specific. Petechial hemorrhages on the heart are a characteristic features. Nerium odorum resists heat and can therefore be detected even from the burnt remains of the dead body.
Medico legal aspects:-
Suicide is the common feature among villagers, especially girls in certain parts of India. The root is used as a decoction for this purpose. The root is commonly used both locally and internally for procuring abortion. Accidental poisoning is sometimes met with, when any part of the plant is used as an external application to reduce swellings or when the decoction of leaves is used or when root is used internally as a remedy for veneral diseases or when in the form of a paste the root is used in treatment of cancerous condition and other growth.
Homicide with Nerium odorum is rare. The use of Nerium odorum as a cattle poison has been recorded.
TOXICITY OF THEVETIA NERIFOLIA:-
Active principles: Thevetin, Thevitoxin, Cerberin.
Fatal dose: 8-10 seeds.
Fatal period: 24 hours.
Signs and Symptoms:-
Burning sensation in the mouth with tingling of the tongue, dryness of throat, vomiting, often diarrhea, headache, dizziness, dilated pupils, irregular action of the heart sometimes resembling that due to digitalis, drowsiness, coma, collapse, and death. Tetanic convulsions are occasionally observed.
Treatment:-
It’s same as in case of Nerium odorum.
Postmortem appearances:-
Signs of gastro-intestinal irritation, congestion of various organs, general engorgement of veins and sub-endocardial ecchymosis. Both sides of the heart may be full of blood.
Medico legal aspects:-
Similar to that of N.odorum.
NOTE:- ANTIDOTE for poison of karavira is HARITAKI.
-Herbs in Vasavarajeeyam[Dr.K.Nishteswar].
RESEARCH
The oil from seeds of Thevetia neriifolia has been chemically examined by Bhattacharya and Ramaswami Iayar (Journ.Ind.Inst.SC; 1927).
1. One of the active principle of T.nerrifolia (yellow oleander) is a crystalline glucoside- Thevetin.
2. Thevetin is very toxic to frogs, mice, guinea-pigs, cats and higher animals. It has no irritant action locally on conjunctiva or on the skin or when injected sub-cutaneously.
3. Glucoside has no action on digestive enzymes. It has little or no direct effect on respiration.
4. Thevetin has direct stimulant action on plain muscles of intestine, bladder, vergin uterus. Has pronounced effect on circulatory system which resembles in many respects the drugs belonging to digitalis group.
5. Glucoside, on account of its cardiotonic properties, should be a potent therapeutic and toxic limit seems to be too low to warrant its safe administration.
[Chopra andMukerjee: Ind.Journ.Med,Research;Jan,1933].
De and Choudhuri (Calcutta University Thesis, 1919) have isolated from the seed 2 glucosides, Thevetin and Thevetidin.
-Indian Medicinal Plants.
The principle cardiotonic substance present in leaves of Nerium indicum is Oleandrin which is also the active principle of leaves of N.oleander. Neriodin, Oleanolic acids are also present. The action of neriodin is similar to oleandrin; it is twice as active as Digitoxin. Processes have been patented for the extraction of cardio-active principles from leaves.
-The Wealth of India. [Raw Materials].
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THE END
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