Panini described about Kantakarika.In Atharva Parisista Vyaghri and simhi are mentioned together. Vyaghri manidhrana is delineated in Atharveda.

Vaghbata specifically indicated Nidigdhika for kasa.It is extensively  used for this purpose in the classical&Traditional medicines.Usually two vertices.

                                                                                                                        2.KantaKari

Some of the Synonyms like Dhavani,Vyaghri and Brhati have been used for both kinds of kantakari.It is observed that more than one variety or sps of both erect and creeping kinds are available for both the plants.But usually one varityeach is only acceted in the texts.Kaiyadeva however mentioned two varities of Kantakari viz;Kantakari(Blue flower) And Sweta Kantakari (white flower).He had described two Brhati varities as well viz;Brhati and swetabrhati.

In Raja Nighantu,totally eight varities of kantakari are described kantakari traya Raja Narahari included Brhati,Agnidamani&Duh sparsa.Bapalaji can sidered valli Brahti of Kaiydena as Agnidamani.the Botanical sources for above three varieties

a)   Kantya Desemani

b)   Kasahara Desemani

c)   Sodhara Desemani

d)   Angamarda Prasamana Desemani

c)Laghu Panca mula

a)   Guducyadi

b)   Laghu Panca mula

                                    4.    Raja Nighantu :-

a.    Tikata vrga

                                                                        Or

                                      7.    Sarangadhara Samhita :-

                                    Ksudra Kantaki

4.Raja Nighantu:-

                                    Ksudra Kanda

7.Bhava Prakasa :-

Hindi           --   Choli Kateri or Bhata Kataya

1. vaghbata :-

2. kaiyadeva nighantu :-

                             Inthis 8 varieties are mentioned

                                     1.sarpatanu

                                     8.kantakari

                                     2.agnidamani

                                     3.duhsparsa.

1.Kaiyadeva Nighantu :--

                                                                Jvara,Aruchi,Hridrga,swasa,Kasa,Parsvasula,Agnimandya,Krimi,Hiccough,udaroga,Asmari,Kusta.

Influenza,fever attended with phlegm in the chest,asthma,bronchitis,lumbago,thirst,piles,malaise,helminth infection,muscular pains,sterility in females,heart diseases,pain in thechest,gonorrhoea,dysuria,Flatulence,enteric fever,chronic absess.

Charaka samhita

kwatha of laghu panchamula is useful in treating vataja atisara.

2.the gruel of saliparni with prisniparni and kantakari is useful for vatika type of diarrhoea.

3.sati , puskaramula , stone of badara with kantakarika cure hiccough.

4.patala,agnimantha,bilwa, kasamardha,brihati with kantakari controls inflammation.

5.decoction of kantakari or decoction of nagara and dhanyaka as anupana for downward movement of flautus and stool.

6.if there is pain ina patient suffering from jwara, then he should take peya boiled with bala, kolamla, kantakarika, along with bilva.

                                                                ---[ch.su.sthana]

Peya prepared with kantakari and gokshura is used in treatingof jvara, parsva sula,vasti sula, sirah sula.

Srutha kasaya of kantakari suppresses the vata predominant                                  arshoroga.

     9. vataja kasa :-

Peya of dasa mula kashaya withpanchakola and jaggery is       indicated in vataja kasa.

Kashaya of kantakari ,kolaponna , manjishta ,gokshura, is used                      in atisara.

     12.Yavagu of kantakari eliminates pittatisara.

      13. madhatyaya :-

Water boiled with kantakari is used in treating kapha madhatyaya.

                                                         ---[ch.chi.sthana]

SUSRUTHA SAMHITA

1. Grahani :-

Kshara paka of kantakari ,kakadani, kakajanga, brhati, kadhamba pushpa is –use ful in sleepada ,apache, grandhi, grahani,aruchi, visha.

2. Alasakam :-

 External application of highly boiled kantakari swarasa in oil of brassica nigrum is indicated in alasakam .

In kasa –dhooma varthi prepared with brhati ,kantakari ,trikatu ,kasa mardha, hingu, ingudi tvak is useful.

                                                            ---[su .chi. sthana]

ASTANGA HRIDAYA

1. sannipata jvara  :-

Kashaya of sunthi ,pushkaramula ,guduchi ,kantakari suppresses sannipata jvara.

Kantakari kashaya is patya for a patient suffering with arshoroga associated with constipation.

Gandusha with kashaya of Eranda ,vyaghri ,Brihati , Bhukadamba is indicated in krimidanta.

5. Lepa of kantakari kalka elevates pain due to sastrabhigata.

        ---[A. hr . u. sthana]

SARANGADHARA SAMHITA :-

Putapaka swarasa of kantakari elevates kasa and svasa.

Intake of mixture of inguva and pushkaramula which are fried separately in dasamula kasaya elevates gridrasi vata .

                                                                        --[Sar.Sam. 2/78]

3. Hridroga   :-

                                                                                                --- [sar. Sam. 2/103]

2.Leaf,steam

3. Fruit

4. Pancangas

          1.Anutaila

         2.Vyosadi sattu

         3.Panchamalaka rasayan

         4.Indrokta rasayan

         5.Agarvadi taila

         6.Kshara ghrita

         8.Brimhani gutika

         9.Chitrakada ghrita

         1.Kalyanaka ghrita

        2.Kustahari ghrita

        3.Mahaneela churna

        4.saireyakadi taila

         1.Katukadi ghrita

         2.Lasuna ghrita

         3.Neelini ghrita

         4.Neela ghrita

         5.Mahaneela ghrita

         6.Kumara kalyana ghrita

         7.Brahma ghrita

         8.Kantakari ghrita

         9.Triphaladi ghrita

        10.Pancha tikta ghrita

        12.Prasarini taila

        13.Guduchi taila

        14.Dasamuladi taila

        15.Chitrakara leham

        16.Kantakaryavaleham

        17.Chitrakavaeham

        18.Chitrakavaleham

        19.Draksadi churna

        20.Patadi churna

        21.Vajraka gutika

          1.Patada churna

         2.Vyaghradi kalka

          5.Vrisya leham

        1.Laghuksudradi kasaya

       2.Kantakaryadi kasaya

       3.Nidighikadi kasaya

       4.Mustakadi kasaya

       5.Maharasnadi kasaya

       6.Trikantakadi ksheera kasaya

       7.Sudarsana churna

       8.Narayana taila

       9.Mayura ghrita

      10.Masadi taila    

      11.Vyaghri taila

      12.Dasamularishta

      13.Eranda saptaka kasaya

      14.Ksudradi kasya

      15.Vyaghri jeerakadi gutika

                    A prickly diffuse herb.Leaves-ovate or elliptic sinuate or subpinnatifid glabrescent,with straight spines. Flowers –in few flowered lateral cymes, blue coloured,corolla with shallow lobes.

                   Fruit is globose berries,glabrous,whitish and green blotched, yellow when ripe, seeds –many ,glabrous.

                                       
                                                           [ J.L.N. Sastry]

      B – carotene, Carpestrol, Sola sodine , Sola margine , B –solamargine , solasonine , solasodino –L –rhamnosyl –B –D –glucoside[solasurine] ,solanocarpine, 

    Solanine –an alkaloid, Ammonium salt,oleic acid,solanidine.

                                                                         ---[Indian material medica ]

Common in waste lands and roadsides throughout India. The plant is

found in all dry districts in the plains as well as low hills through out

 India . every type of soil which is not too moist seems to suit it.

Commonly it is found growing as a weed of road sides and on rubbish

 heaps and similar situations near villages

1.luco alkaloidal saponinfraction of solanum xanthocarpum caused a marked increase in the force of contraction of the hypodynamic heart and produced significant expectorant effect. The saponin fraction also caused release of histamine , fall in blood pressure due to peripheral vaso dilatation which has been considerd for its diaphoretic effects.

                                                                                    --[C.C.R.I -1969-70]

2.Causes of chronic bronchitis with emphysema treated with kantakari showed slight or in the pulmonary functions. Kantakari was effective in cases of non tubercular respiratory diseases with a coprous sputum i.e.chronic bronchitis with emphysema. This was because of the anti tussive activity of kantakari.

                                                                                          --[C.C.R.I. 70-71]

3.Trials with kantakari indicated that it is useful in cases of chronic bronchial asthma of chronic bronchitis.

                                                                                       ---[C.C.R.I. -72-73]

4.Administration of kantakari swarasa in tamaka swasa and vata sleshma showed significant improvement.

                                                                                           ---[C.C.R.I. 78-79]

5. It was observed that kantakari root decoction possessed anti inflammatory properties in cases of respiratory diseases and was able to provide some relief in dyspnoea.

                                                                                         ---[C.C.R.I. 78-79].